Ashura is one of the most significant days in the Islamic calendar, falling on the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic lunar year. The word "Ashura" itself is derived from the Arabic word for “ten,” marking its position on the calendar. Though observed by both Sunni and Shia Muslims around the world, the way Ashura is commemorated and the events it recalls, differ greatly between the two groups. It is a day deeply rooted in religious history, reflecting both triumph and tragedy, depending on one’s perspective and tradition.
The Day of Ashura holds different meanings for Sunni and Shia Muslims, each based on pivotal moments in Islamic history. In Sunni Islam, Ashura is a day that commemorates several significant events, particularly the miraculous deliverance of the Prophet Musa (AS) and the Israelites from the tyranny of the Pharaoh by the parting of the Red Sea. This demonstration of Allah’s mercy and power is a source of gratitude and inspiration and thus the day is marked with celebration.
Additionally, many other monumental moments in Islamic lore are said to have occurred on Ashura. These include Allah (SWT) forgiving Prophet Adam (AS), Prophet Nuh (AS) leaving the Ark after the flood, Prophet Yusuf (AS) reuniting with his father Yaqub, Prophet Yunus (AS) being released from the belly of the whale and even the births of Prophets Ibrahim (AS) and Isa (AS).
In contrast, for Shia Muslims, the Day of Ashura is a day of mourning. It marks the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali (RA), the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE. Husayn had refused to pledge allegiance to the Umayyad ruler Yazid, whom many viewed as unjust and illegitimate. His stand for justice and truth, despite overwhelming odds, ended with his brutal death along with his family and followers. This act of resistance and sacrifice is deeply revered in Shia Islam and is the focal point of Ashura commemorations.
The Day of Ashura is important because it represents profound spiritual and historical themes that resonate deeply across the Islamic world. For Sunni Muslims, it is a day to remember the power and mercy of Allah (SWT) as demonstrated through miraculous events like the parting of the Red Sea and the salvation of prophets such as Musa (AS), Nuh (AS) and Yunus (AS). It is a time for reflection, gratitude and renewal of faith.
For Shia Muslims, Ashura holds immense emotional and religious significance as a day of mourning and remembrance for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali (RA), who stood against tyranny and injustice. His sacrifice at Karbala is seen as the ultimate act of devotion, courage and righteousness. For all Muslims, Ashura serves as a powerful reminder of the enduring values of faith, justice and the triumph of truth over oppression.
Muslims observe the Day of Ashura in ways that reflect its dual significance within Sunni and Shia traditions. Sunni Muslims often mark the day with voluntary fasting, following the example of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and use the occasion for prayer, reflection and giving thanks to Allah (SWT). In many communities, the fast is broken with a communal meal and the day may include celebratory gatherings that highlight gratitude for divine mercy and deliverance.
In contrast, Shia Muslims commemorate Ashura through solemn mourning rituals that honour the martyrdom of Husayn (RA). These observances include attending religious gatherings, reciting elegies and poems about the Battle of Karbala and participating in processions and reenactments of the tragic events. Many Shias refrain from engaging in everyday pleasures, choosing instead to reflect on themes of sacrifice, justice and resistance. Despite these differences, Ashura remains a day of deep spiritual reflection for all Muslims, drawing attention to core values of faith, resilience and divine justice.
Fasting on the Day of Ashura is a practice primarily observed by Sunni Muslims. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) recommended fasting on this day to commemorate the deliverance of Prophet Musa and his people from Pharaoh’s tyranny. According to Islamic tradition, when the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrated to Medina, he found the Jewish community fasting on this day to celebrate this event. In response, he encouraged Muslims to do the same, even adding a day before or after to distinguish the Islamic practice.
Fasting on Ashura is seen as a way of giving thanks to Allah (SWT) for His mercy and deliverance, not only in the case of Musa (AS) but also for other instances of divine salvation and forgiveness throughout history. It is believed that fasting on this day can expiate the sins of the previous year, offering Muslims a chance to seek forgiveness and deepen their spiritual connection with Allah (SWT).
Fasting on the Day of Ashura is highly recommended for Sunni Muslims, but it is not obligatory. It is considered a voluntary fast, meaning that while it brings great spiritual rewards and is encouraged, it is not required in the same way as the fasts of Ramadan. Many devout Muslims choose to fast on both the 9th and 10th of Muharram, or the 10th and 11th, to fully embrace the tradition and distinguish it from other faiths’ practices.
For Shia Muslims, however, fasting on the Day of Ashura is not practised in the same way. Since the day is one of grief and mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali (RA), fasting, which is traditionally a form of celebration and gratitude, is generally avoided. Some Shia Muslims abstain from food and water for part of the day to honour the suffering of Husayn and his companions but will ensure they eat or drink something, so it does not count as a formal fast. This act is a symbolic gesture reflecting the hardship endured at Karbala.
On the Day of Ashura, charitable giving holds profound spiritual and moral significance for Muslims, serving as a powerful expression of faith, compassion, and solidarity. Rooted in the legacy of sacrifice exemplified by Imam Hussain (as) at Karbala, giving Sadaqah on this day allows believers to emulate his selflessness by supporting those in desperate need.
Ashura is not only a time for mourning and remembrance, but also for strengthening community bonds through acts of unity, such as food drives and communal aid. Charity during Muharram, especially on Ashura, purifies one’s wealth, brings the giver closer to Allah (SWT), and offers a path to forgiveness and spiritual elevation. As the Qur'an reminds us:
“Verily, with hardship comes ease” (94:5).
In a world where millions face unimaginable hardship, our generosity can be the means through which Allah’s mercy and ease reach those in pain. Donate to UKIM’s appeals and missions during Muharram and embody the spirit of the Day of Ashura.
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